Which of the following is NOT considered a main type of theoretical orientation?

The integration approach is not typically classified as a main theoretical orientation in the context of literacy instruction. The primary theoretical orientations generally include the whole language approach, phonics approach, and skills or balanced approach.

The whole language approach emphasizes the use of authentic literature and immersion in the reading and writing process, promoting meaning over phonics. The phonics approach, on the other hand, focuses on the relationship between sounds and letters, systematically teaching students how to decode written text. The skills or balanced approach seeks to combine elements of both whole language and phonics, aiming for a more comprehensive and adaptable teaching method that addresses diverse learning needs.

While the integration approach may be a pedagogical strategy that combines various elements from these main types, it does not stand alone as a recognized theoretical orientation. Each of the other approaches has its distinct foundational principles and methodologies which guide instructional practices in literacy education.