What does the Matthew effect describe in an educational context?

The Matthew effect, named after a passage in the Bible that discusses the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer, captures a phenomenon in education where advanced students tend to gain even more advantages as they progress in their learning. This concept highlights that students who are already ahead in their academic skills are likely to receive more opportunities, recognition, and resources, which in turn allows them to advance even further compared to their peers who are struggling.

This can happen for various reasons: advanced students may receive more positive reinforcement, challenge-based learning opportunities, and access to enriching experiences that cultivate their talents. This creates a compounding effect over time, making it increasingly difficult for struggling students to catch up, as they miss out on the benefits that come from being able to engage more deeply with the curriculum.

In contrast, struggling students often find themselves in a cycle where their initial difficulties are compounded, leading to a widening academic gap. This understanding is vital for educators who aim to create equitable learning environments and implement strategies to support all students, particularly those who may not initially perform at a high level.